Viridian Chart Of The Week: A Different Perspective On Valuing Distressed Cannabis Equities – Option Based Valuation - Ayr Wellness (OTC:AYRWF), Cannabist Holdings (OTC:CBSTF)

Analysts have a range of choices when valuing cannabis companies. Viridian commonly uses Discounted Cash Flow Analysis, Public Company Comparables, and M&A Precedent Transactions to value both small private concerns as well as larger public companies.

But, consider the task of valuing a company where the current asset value is close to or even below the value of the debt. The companies in the chart all have total liabilities to market cap in excess of 9x, a good measure of distress. In addition, our initial assigned asset value for all of them, except Cannabist CBSTF, is lower than the debt.

Does that mean that the equity is worthless? No, it doesn’t. Finance theory teaches us that we can look at equity as a call on the value of the assets with a strike price of the debt. If the value of the assets is more than the value of the debt, then equity holders have the option to liquidate the assets for the difference. If the asset value remains less than the debt, the equity holders can hand the keys to the debt holders and walk away with no further liabilities. In that framework, corporate equity can never be worth zero unless the time for the option runs out. The chart compares our option valuation with the current market cap of each company.

The application of this simple idea is less obvious. How do we get the current value of the assets, for example? We have chosen a maximum of 1x sales and a liquidation value of 1x tangible assets. We realize these values seem low, but remember, we are talking about equities with considerable credit risk. Another question is how do we get the option life? We have chosen the weighted average maturity of the debt. For companies whose debt is already classified as a current liability, we have assigned a one-year life.

Volatility is a crucial assumption of any option model, and we have chosen 30% as our number. This is the same value we use to model the equity call options embedded in convertible debt or warrants. We have found this to be a pretty good value, lower than observed volatilities of equities but responsive to the fact that cannabis equities option valuation is constrained by the difficulty and expense of shorting the stocks. It should be a reasonable, although arguably conservative, estimate of asset value volatility.

Are the wealthy getting away with not paying their fair share of taxes, or are they carrying an unfair burden? The debate over the top tax bracket rages on as concerns about income inequality and the concentration of wealth at the top of the economic ladder continue to make headlines. Senators Bernie Sanders and Elizabeth Warren have both proposed a wealth tax on the ultra-rich, while even multi-billionaire Warren Buffett has vocally expressed support for the idea, suggesting that it is fair for wealthy Americans to be taxed at a higher rate.

Currently, the top federal income tax rate stands at 37%, applicable to incomes of $539,000 and higher for single taxpayers and $647,850 and higher for couples filing jointly. However, historical data reveals that the top marginal tax rate has been significantly higher in previous eras. In 1944 and 1945, it peaked at a staggering 94%, and in the late 1980s, it hit a low of 28% under former President Ronald Reagan.

Historical Context and Present Day

The taxation of the wealthy has fluctuated significantly throughout U.S. history, demonstrating both higher and lower levels of taxation than the current status. This historical perspective adds complexity to the ongoing debate regarding whether the rich are paying their fair share of taxes. Despite the disputes, recent data from the IRS sheds light on the current tax scenario.

Top 1% Tax Contributions

In 2020, the top 1% of taxpayers—those earning $561,351 or more—contributed a significant 42.3% of the total tax revenue collected. This translates to the top 1% paying more income taxes than the bottom 90% combined. Astonishingly, the top 1% paid a staggering $723 billion in income taxes, while the bottom 90% collectively contributed $450 billion.

State-Level Analysis

Examining the tax burden on the wealthiest individuals at the state level yields interesting findings:

Alabama Minimum income to be considered 1%: $404,560 Average income of the 1%: $1,107,769 Average income tax paid by the 1%: $263,845 Average tax rate of the 1%: 23.82% Alaska Minimum income to be considered 1%: $466,905 Average income of the 1%: $999,772 Average income tax paid by the 1%: $253,754 Average tax rate of the 1%: 25.38% Arizona Minimum income to be considered 1%: $485,146 Average income of the 1%: $1,464,848 Average income tax paid by the 1%: $369,426 Average tax rate of the 1%: 25.22% Arkansas Minimum income to be considered 1%: $387,666 Average income of the 1%: $1,483,925 Average income tax paid by the 1%: $313,266 Average tax rate of the 1%: 21.11% California Minimum income to be considered 1%: $726,188 Average income of the 1%: $2,430,790 Average income tax paid by the 1%: $655,180 Average tax rate of the 1%: 26.95% Colorado Minimum income to be considered 1%: $609,919 Average income of the 1%: $1,799,148 Average income tax paid by the 1%: $465,284 Average tax rate of the 1%: 25.86% Analysis of Minimum Income of the Wealthiest 1% and Average Tax Rates by State Analysis of Minimum Income of the Wealthiest 1% and Average Tax Rates by State

We use the Black-Scholes model as our valuation engine since none of these companies are likely to pay a dividend in the near future.

Several of these companies, including Slang SLGWF, Statehouse STHZF, and Tilt TLLTF, are in the process of liquidating assets. Others like AYR AYRWF, Cannabist CBSTF, Gold Flora GRAM, and Schwazze are not currently in any restructuring process despite our debt metrics indicating distress.

Note that six of the eleven companies have option valuations below their current market caps, while five are considerably higher.

It is natural to view volatility as a negative, but investors should remember that the opposite is true. Distressed cannabis equities have two critical assets that don’t appear on the balance sheet: time and hope. With so many potential positive catalysts on the horizon, option valuation techniques are an important tool to consider, particularly for those higher-risk equities.

The Viridian Capital Chart of the Week highlights key investment, valuation and M&A trends taken from the Viridian Cannabis Deal Tracker.

The Viridian Cannabis Deal Tracker provides the market intelligence that cannabis companies, investors, and acquirers utilize to make informed decisions regarding capital allocation and M&A strategy. The Deal Tracker is a proprietary information service that monitors capital raise and M&A activity in the legal cannabis, CBD, and psychedelics industries. Each week the Tracker aggregates and analyzes all closed deals and segments each according to key metrics:

Deals by Industry Sector (To track the flow of capital and M&A Deals by one of 12 Sectors – from Cultivation to Brands to Software)
Deal Structure (Equity/Debt for Capital Raises, Cash/Stock/Earnout for M&A) Status of the company announcing the transaction (Public vs. Private)
Principals to the Transaction (Issuer/Investor/Lender/Acquirer) Key deal terms (Pricing and Valuation)
Key Deal Terms (Deal Size, Valuation, Pricing, Warrants, Cost of Capital)
Deals by Location of Issuer/Buyer/Seller (To Track the Flow of Capital and M&A Deals by State and Country)
Credit Ratings (Leverage and Liquidity Ratios)

Since its inception in 2015, the Viridian Cannabis Deal Tracker has tracked and analyzed more than 2,500 capital raises and 1,000 M&A transactions totaling over $50 billion in aggregate value.

The preceding article is from one of our external contributors. It does not represent the opinion of Benzinga and has not been edited.

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Viridian Chart Of The Week: A Different Perspective On Valuing Distressed Cannabis Equities – Option Based Valuation – Ayr Wellness (OTC:AYRWF), Cannabist Holdings (OTC:CBSTF)